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American Rescue Plan Act Signed Into Law
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The American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA), which is the latest
bill to address the ongoing economic impacts of COVID-19, has been signed into
law. Most aspects of the law do not directly affect the HR function, but those
that do—optional extension of sick and family leave and establishment of COBRA subsidies—are
outlined below.
OPTIONAL EXTENSION OF SICK AND FAMILY LEAVES
Part of ARPA is an extension of the current tax credit scheme for Emergency
Paid Sick Leave (EPSL) and Emergency Family and Medical Leave (EFMLA) under the
Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA). The FFCRA required many employers
to provide EPSL and EFMLA in 2020, but became optional when it was previously extended
to cover January 1 through March 31, 2021.
The new extension under ARPA takes effect April 1, 2021, and
lasts through September 30, 2021. Like the current version, it remains optional.
In addition, tax credits are available but only to employers with fewer than
500 employees and up to certain caps. To receive the tax credit, employers are
required to follow the original provisions of the FFCRA. For example, they can’t
deny EPSL or EFMLA to an employee if they’re otherwise eligible, can’t
terminate them for taking EPSL or EFMLA, and have to continue their health
insurance during these leaves.
Emergency Paid Sick Leave (EPSL) Changes
Here are the key changes to EPSL, in effect from April 1 through September 30,
2021:
- Employees can take EPSL to get the COVID vaccine
and to recover from any related side effects.
- Employees can take EPSL when seeking or waiting
for a COVID-19 diagnosis or test result if they’ve been exposed to COVID-19 or if
the employer has asked them to get a diagnosis or test. (Previously, time spent
waiting on test results was not necessarily covered, which seemed like an
oversight.)
- Employees will be eligible for a new bank of leave on April
1. Full-time employees are entitled to 80 hours while part-time employees are
entitled to a prorated amount.
- Employers can’t provide EPSL in a manner that favors
highly compensated employees or full-time employees or that discriminates based
on how long employees have worked for the employer. (Be aware that any
inconsistencies in the granting of leave could potentially lead to a
discrimination claim.)
Emergency Family and Medical Leave (EFMLA) Changes
Here are the key changes to EFMLA, in effect from April 1 through September 30,
2021:
- EFMLA can now be used for any EPSL reason, in
addition to the original childcare reasons. This includes the two new EPSL
reasons noted above.
- The 10-day unpaid waiting period has been
eliminated.
- The cap on the reimbursable tax credit for EFMLA
has been increased to $12,000 (from $10,000). This applies to all EFMLA taken
by an employee, beginning April 1, 2020. This change accounts for the
additional 10 days of paid time off—the daily cap of $200 remains the
same.
- The law isn’t clear as to whether employees are
entitled to a new 12-week bank of EFMLA. We anticipate that the IRS, DOL, or
both will provide guidance on this question soon. It is possible that an
employee will be entitled to additional unpaid protected time off, even
if they already received the maximum reimbursable amount during previous EFMLA
leave(s). We will update our materials if and when new information is
available.
- Employers can’t provide EFMLA in a manner that
favors highly compensated employees or full-time employees or that is based on
how long employees have worked for the employer. (Again, be aware that any
inconsistencies in the granting of leave could potentially lead to a
discrimination claim.)
Reasons for Using EPSL and EFMLA
Starting on April 1, employees can take EPSL or EFMLA for the same set of
reasons, which is a useful simplification. The following are acceptable reasons
for taking these leaves:
- When
quarantined or isolated subject to federal, state, or local quarantine or isolation
order
- When
advised by a health care provider to self-quarantine because of COVID-19
- When
the employee is:
a. Experiencing
symptoms of COVID-19 and seeking a medical diagnosis
b. Seeking
or awaiting the results of a diagnostic test for, or a medical diagnosis of,
COVID-19 because they have been exposed or because their employer has requested
the test or diagnosis
c. Obtaining
a COVID-19 vaccination or recovering from any injury, disability, illness, or
condition related to the vaccination - When
caring for another person who is isolating or quarantining on government or
doctor’s orders
- When
caring for a child whose school or place of care is closed due to COVID-19
Employees and employers will—in most cases—want to exhaust
EPSL first, since it has a higher tax credit, except when used to care for
others.
Tax Credit Review
The tax credits available between April 1 and September 30 are the same as
under the original FFCRA, except for the increased aggregate cap for EFMLA. Tax
credits are available as described below, regardless of how much EPSL or EFMLA an
employee used prior to April 1.
- The credit available for EPSL when used
for reasons 1, 2, or 3 (self-care) is up to 100% of an employee’s regular pay,
with a limit of $511 per day.
- The credit available for EPSL when used
for reasons 4 or 5 (care for another) is up to 2/3 of an employee’s regular
rate of pay, with a limit of $200 per day.
- The credit available for EFMLA for any
reason is up to 2/3 of an employee’s regular pay, with a limit of $200 per day
and a cap of $12,000 per employee.
Employers can also claim a credit for their share of
Medicare tax on the employee’s wages and the cost of maintaining the employee’s
health insurance (qualified health plan expenses) during their absence.
COBRA SUBSIDIES
Another important aspect of the law employers should understand is the creation
of COBRA subsidies.
Employees
and families enrolled in the employer’s group health plans may lose coverage if
the employee’s work hours are reduced or employment is terminated. They can elect
to continue coverage under COBRA, but the high premium cost can make it
difficult to afford this coverage.
ARPA
provides a 100% COBRA subsidy if the employee’s work reduction or termination
was involuntary. The subsidy applies for up to six months of coverage from
April 2021 through September 2021 (unless the individual’s maximum COBRA period
expires earlier).
For
group plans subject to the federal COBRA rules, the employer will be required
to pay the COBRA premium but then will be reimbursed through a refundable
payroll tax credit.
Employers
with fewer than 20 workers usually are exempt from the federal COBRA rules, but
their group medical insurance plans may be subject to a state’s mini-COBRA law.
In that case, it appears the subsidy will be administered by the carrier. The
carrier will pay the premium and then be reimbursed by the government.
Employers will need to work with their group health plan
carriers and vendors on how to administer the new subsidy provision. Although
it takes effect April 1, 2021, employees who were terminated earlier but are
still in their COBRA election window also are included. Federal guidance is expected
to be released by April 10, including model notices that plans can tailor for
their use.
Note that the COBRA subsidy doesn’t apply during FFCRA
leaves because employees are entitled to maintain their health insurance during
those leaves on the same terms as though they had continued to work.
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